Caught on Camera: The US&S M22

The Union Switch and Signal M3 series of switch machines (including the M3, M23 and A and B models of both) is so ubiquitous and has been around for so long that one might assume the model spring fully formed from the head of George Westinghouse. However it is important to remember that the "M" is the family, not M3 and unlike General Railway Signal, where their switch machines Models 1 through 4 were radically different than the Model 5, the US&S Style M has remained fairly consistent since its introduction in 1918. In fact one of the reasons its easy to assume that the M3 (or M23) has been around far longer than its actual introduction date of 1951, is because the M22 is similar enough that both times I encountered one in the wild, I only noticed the machine was actually an M22 when I was performing unrelated photo research years later. 

To review, above is an US&S M23 switch machine as previously installed on the former C&O Washington Sub near Charlottesville, VA. Below is an M22 switch machine as previously installed about 10 miles to the east in Gordonsville, VA.

I'm not going to go into all the technical details as to how they differ, there's already a page for that, but the big giveaway for an M22 vs an M23 is the non-concentric selector lever that swaps the machine between manual and power operation. The second giveaway is the bolt pattern on the top of the central gearbox with the M23 having 2 large bolts and the M2 4 smaller bolts and a more bulbous cover. Unfortunately I have yet to encounter an M2 in the wild and from the few photos online I cannot determine an easy way to differentiate it from an M3. Anyway, these and any other M22's along the former C&O Cardinal Route (now operated by the Buckingham Branch shortline) were removed in a 2013/2014 re-signaling project.  However there is another M22 I just discovered situated about 5 feet from a busy public right of way.

It's this fellow, the northern end of the #1 crossover at CP-ASH in sunny downtown San Diego. In fact its directly adjacent to the Little Italy light rail station.

Although my photo is from 2015, a quick check of Google Street View shows that it is still in place as of October, 2022.

So if you happen to be in San Diego or out and around some rail line that hasn't seen a switch replacement since 1951, know how to spot an M22 and make sure you take plenty of photos if you come across one.

The Ongoing Saga of D&H Main Line Signaling

Last we checked in on the former D&H Main Line between Albany and Sunbury/Scranton, NS had reversed its decision to abandon all of the signaling below Binghamton. Since that time NS has made some alterations to the signaling it had inherited from Canadian Pacific and after a couple of field trips and Google street view surveys I can offer up a summary of the goings on. 

First we need to dive into the crazy quilt of signaling on the old Delaware and Hudson main line that is under the control of NS after purchasing the route from CP in order to access New Englande markets via the Boston and Maine route. I previously discussed the complex ownership history of the D&H in an article on D&H interlocking naming conventions.

The D&H currently exhibits 6 different generations of signals in the 200 or so odd miles between the NS Buffalo Line in Sunbury and the Boston and Main division post in Mechanicville, NY. They can be broken down as follows:

Generation 1 includes the legacy D&H with GRS SA searchlights, relay based logic and iron/steel mounting hardware including masts, cantilevers and brackets. 

Generation 2 covers the early CP era in the 1990's with SA searchlights and relay based logic using modern aluminum structures.

Generation 3 is the Unilens Era where CP applied a solid state upgrade of its older SA searchlights, primarily at automatic block locations as those present less of a testing burden than interlockings. I believe this began in the late 90's and overlapped with some Gen 2 signals being installed at interlockings. By 2005 end of life Gen 1 interlockings were being actively replaced by Gen 3.

Generation 4, the Mystery Searchlight era, is the shortest, taking place from around 2009 through 2011. This represented CP souring on its Unilens solution and falling back on older SA searchlight guts in a custom housing. 

Generation 5, starting around 2011, is the great CP resigning that have up on searchlights entirely looked to replace Gen 1 signals at relay-based interlockings north of Binghampton with typical Safetran CL-20 type Darth Vaders.

Generation 6 is modern day with NS type Darth Vaders going in to replace both Gen 1 signals select relay plants, but also to replace Gen 3 signals at newer 2005 vintage interlockings. On the remaining CP territory this included the use of mystery N-type signals in place of CL-20's.

So how do things stand today? The CP re-signaling of the 2010's zapped pretty much all of the old D&H signaling north of Binghamton except CPF-499 and the Afton siding beginning at CPF-587.

In fact CPF-587 is seeing NS replace its southbound D&H Cantilever with a leftover CP mystery searchlight!

South of Binghampton D&H signals are holding on at CPF-648, CPF-650 and CPF-679.

CPF-650, still original D&H.

However Gen 3 Unilens signals have been replaced by NS Darth Vaders at CPF-630, CPF-631, CPF-659, CPF-661, CPF-714 and CPF-716.

CPF-716, Unilens signals replaced by Vader masts in 2022.

Interestingly enough, the intact Unilens masts have been gathered at the NS Scranton yard and the adjacent CPF-673 and CPF-672 were in their Unilens (or SA?) configuration as of November 2022. Nevertheless, almost all of the intermediate signals remain as Unilens, with just a handful having been converted by CP to CL-20 Vaders.

It will be interesting to see what the future holds, especially if NS extends between Scranton and Sunbury or if the need to replace the Unilens intermediates prompts an expansion of cab signaling.

CP-SK Changes Its Spots

In 2020 I reported on some unsettling activity at CP-SK on the former Conrail Selkirk branch with new Darth Vader masts going up to replace the Conrail style target signals. CP-SK had been able to avoid the general Selkirk Branch and Chicago Line re-signaling efforts due to a very late 90's re-signaling and the ambient environment of both the former River Line and Boston Line territories holding onto Conrail type signal rules as opposed to Seaboard rules.  In fact the change point was just west of CP-SK at the western limits of the CSX era CP-12.

Well as I feared CP-SK was completely re-signaled and to make matters worse the previous western extent of Seaboard signaling has been moved east to the southern limits of CP-SK on the River Line and the Milepost 9 intermediate signal on the former Selkirk Branch, just east of the Alfred Smith Bridge.

 Although the Milepost 9 intermediate signal has been changed many years prior, it was "future proofed" through the use of Seaboard compatible Y/R/G Approach Slow instead of the NORAC exclusive Y/Y.

The old CP-12 was also made Seaboard ready through the use of R/Y/R Approach Medium (instead of R/*Y*) and extra lamp spaces in which to fit lunar lamps for Seaboard restricting.

In fact the northbound River Line mast at CP-12 seen here displaying a NORAC style R/R/Y Restricting, has that lamp color filter replaced by Lunar White (as visible in this article's first photo). An empty space on the signals lowest head indicates planning for use of Seaboard R/R/Y Slow Approach due to a short signal distance, but it looks like this upgrade was never carried out.

Likely as part of the same re-signaling project, the Conrail style small target searchlight intermediate on the Carman Branch was also undergoing replacement as of August 2022..

In related news CP-153 in Quincy, OH on the former Conrail Indianapolis Line has also seen new CSX signals go up.  The Indy Line has a crazy quilt of new and old signals so this is more of an FYI than a warning of a wide area replacement plan.

Last SP Donner Pass Signals Retired

This definitely falls into the category of a news story that fell through the cracks, but after a bit of uncertainty I can confirm that all of the remaining Southern Pacific vintage signals on the Union Pacific Donner Pass route (Roseville Sub) between SHED 10 and and WEST NORDEN have been retired and replaced by extra height aluminum signal bridges of the same type already seen between SWITCH 9 and SHED 10 and east of EAST NORDEN. This  change took place sometime in the 2020-2022 time frame with the searchlights at WEST NORDEN being the last converted.

Donner Pass Phase 1 replacement gantry at MP 173 in 2017

Although this development was not entirely surprising, the surviving SP signal locations, with the exception of WEST NORDEN, used Safetran CL-20 modules in a target configuration and had PTC antennas mounted on the steel lattice signal bridges. Although not part of a PTC project, it is likely that UP desired to replace the relay based signal logic and simplify maintainer access. In total 5 automatic locations and WEST NORDEN interlocking were affected.

WEST NORDEN was the former location where the old 1860's main track #1 split from the later main track #2 with the interlocking being completely covered in a snow shed. After the completion of the first phase of Donner Pass re-signaling in 2017 it was the only remaining set of searchlights on the entire Donner Pass route (US&S H-2's)

If there can be any consolation it is that the steel lattice signal bridges themselves have remained in place due to the inaccessibility by road cranes. In face, some of the phase 1 locations left the searchlight heads turned in place.  

Unlike phase 1, phase 2 replaced the old SP locations on a 1 for 1 basis with most locations remaining the same except for the Milepost 181 automatics which have been removed in their entirety, creating a single 3.2 mile block where a 2.0 mike and a 1.2 mile block had existed before. In addition the the Vader type signals were moved off the westbound SHED 10 lattice gantry and replaced with masts at the mouth of the snow shed 450 feet to the west.

I finally got confirmation of this sad development due to media posted of the 2023 Donner Pass rotary plough training run so if you search out media of that event you can likely catch sight of some of the converted signal locations..