Russell's Teapot

If I were to tell you that on the hundreds of miles of former C&O trackage between Cincinnati, OH and Norfolk, VA there is still an island of C&O signaling with 3-4 track signal bridges displaying all the quirky old C&O signals, would you believe me?

Well you should, but not for much longer because it appears that despite plunging coal revenue and threats to downgrade the Cardinal route to 25/30mph operation, CSX has nevertheless found some money to make sure not a single signal without a Darth Vader helmet survives. 

 

The existence of this  strange island of misfit signaling is due to CSX's efforts to close RU CABIN, which controlled the eastern end of the giant Russell Yard complex, around the year 2000.  At that point the decision had still not yet been made to completely phase out the C&O signal rules so the new Darth Vader signals installed at RU and RACELAND interlockings were both of the C&O style.  

 RU Cabin westbound gantry

As seen at FOSTORIA, I believe the placement of a red lamp in the middle of the lower head was to allow for R/Y/R Slow Approach or R/R/G Slow Clear without using a third head, but I've seen no direct evidence of this.

Raceland westbound Passenger Track Mast

Moreover, NC CABIN, one interlocking east of RU, was re-interlocked with the existing signals left in place, sort of like as was done on the B&O Philly Sub and on many other rail lines before the cost of labour to splice and test overtook the cost of new signals.

NC Cabin westbound C&O masts.

Anyway, I guess someone had to spend a capitol improvement budget or risk losing it and with nothing left to re-signal, this island of the C&O was the only available target.  No word on if RU CABIN and its C&O Darth Vaders are also being modified, but I wouldn't be surprised.  If you happen to live in the area both RU and NC are a must see.

Switch Position Indicators

Switch Position Indicators are to railroad signals as Uber is to a taxi.  It serves basically the same purpose, but without the high cost and pesky regulation.  Switch Position Indicators (SPI) are exactly what they say on the tin, indicators (I'm focusing on the illuminated ones here) that indicate the position of an attached switch, either normal or reverse.  As they are not part of an interlocking, the SPI is typically mounted on or near the switch and broadcasts its indication in both directions simultaneously. The typical colors are green for normal and yellow for reverse.  Red is not typically employed since switches SPIs are attached to are usually trailable so there is indeed no wrong way to go through them.

Here we see an old US&S ES series SPI modified with LED lamps.  Previously centrally mounted electric bulbs would have shown through in each direction.  Out on the main lines, hand throw or spring switches would be fitted with kerosene lanterns that would be mechanically rotated 90 degrees to indicate the switch position.  These were eventually replaced by reflective "flags", also mechanically rotated in accordance with switch position, but I am focusing on the electric variety.

Electric SPI's like these were typically found in yards attached to trainable point machines with the SPI's indication being determined by a separate circuit controller.  If the switch points were on center, not valid for either route, the SPI would remain dark.

Here is a clearly lower quality GRS supplied SPI with plastic lollipop lamps indicating a reverse switch position.  This one is in light rail use and is attached to a standard GRS Model 5F point machine.  This switch is in use on the VTA light rail line and is actuated by the LRV's themselves via a transponder system.

Here we see a typical yard ladder setup with remote controlled switches and SPIs.  The apparent cheesiness of the indicators steps from the fact that they are not considered safety critical devices like normal railroad signals and don't have to be weather resistant, fail safe, etc. 

Now just because trains are moving at restricted speed doesn't mean that one can just shrug off derailments.  These units at Amtrak's Lumber St Yard in Chicago have a special third, lunar white, lamps that illuminates when something is over the switch and the points are locked.  I am not exactly sure of the mechanism that detects when a train is over the points (track circuit, treadle, inductive sensor) , but it appeared to work.

Outside of yards, spring switches were one of the earliest applications of SPIs on main line track.  Popular on pre-CTC single track lines, spring switches eliminated the need for trains to have to re-line siding switches for the main and in certain applications eliminated any need to stop and throw at passing points all together.  However where such lines lacked ABS signals to protect against misaligned points, SPIs were the answer, giving oncoming trains moving at above Restricted speed assurance they weren't about to careen into a siding.

Lately, railroads are getting increasingly bold with their use of indicators on unsignaled secondary tracks.  Non-interlocked junctions might require sizable freight trains to have to stop and line a switch, possibly multiple times as cars are set out or backup moves made.  Not to mention the hassle of having to wait for a member of the crew to walk to train after restoring a hand throw switch.  Equipped with radio or transponder controlled switch machines just as we saw on the line rail line, these non-interlocked power switches are being fitted with a slightly higher class of SPI.  This example makes use of a standard Darth Vader type signal head with modified lamps showing normal, reverse and on-center positions.  As you can clearly see, SPIs do not convey block information.

Here we have perhaps the pinnacle of SPI craziness, a full crossover with M23 point machines protected by a full past SPI .  As with BNSF above, CSX  has sought to differentiate their signal-like SPIs from regular signals.  Their method is to use CNW style horizontally mounted signal heads.  This practice has been picked up by a few other roads while another popular method is to use ovoid signal heads with the cheap style signals seen in the Amtrak photos.

That's it for today.  This wasn't meant to be anything really in depth, just a little heads up for when non-interlocked interlockings appear on a rail line near you.

Newsruary

Alright, let's see what's going on in 2016.  On the former NY Central main line the CSX re-signaling effort is reaching towards Buffalo as seen here at Corfu and MP 402.

 Hey, surely aluminum tubular signal bridges have a place in the 21st century.  Hmm, guess not.

 Southern style masts with Safetran clamshells aren't even safe in mast form like these examples on the old N&W main line.  I'm thinking that 2008 PTC law should be called the signal uniformity act.

 Of course NKP re-signaling is nothing new.  This time an intermediate example with H-5 searchlights.

 At least one can't say it all about saving $.  These Soo Line economy heads are also playing second fiddle to Darth Vader masts.

New signals are still creeping up the old C&O Northern Division with this cute cantilever a recent victim, however they are hanging on in a few places.

This Darth Vader cosplayer didn't stand up to scrutiny by CSX's signal team.  Replacement bases are already in place near Jacksonville.

In what I think qualifies as good news, the re-signaling at CP-BETHLEHEM is taking way longer than I had expected so...yay?

Yeah, no real good news this month.  :-(

PHOTOS: OVERBROOK Interlocking

So it's been a while since we last visited the PRR Main Line and this time I have something special.  OVERBROOK interlocking, straddling the border between the city of Philadelphia and Montgomery county, is not only an important part of past and present Main Line services, it is also an active interlocking tower dating from 1926 with all of the PRR trademarks on display for all to see.  OVERBROOK and its interlocking is highly accessible, being located in the middle of a commuter station.  However what makes this tower truly special is that in the 2003-2004 time period I was able to visit it on several occasions and spent hours inside watching the operations and even working the U&SS Model 14 machine.  This will be the first of a three part look at OVERBROOK, the first covering OVERBROOK interlocking, the second OVERBROOK tower (inside and out) and the third OVERBROOK's CTC territory.

OVERBROOK is the first typical crossover interlocking on the Main Line after ZOO.  It was later expanded to include the west end of the old Belmont Freight yard and CTC control over the junction with the old Schuylkill River branch at VALLEY interlocking, but the core of its operations were the 4-track crossover tracks that ran the length of the station.  Here is a 1972 interlocking diagram showing OVERBROOK's territory at the peak of its responsibilities.

The original 4-track crossover part of the interlocking controlled by the US&S Model 14 interlocking machine dates from 1926.  In 1941 OVERBROOK assumed control of the west end of PRR's 52nd Street Yard, situated between the main line passenger tracks stretching between OVERBROOK and ZOO by means of a direct wire relay interlocking. Not a separate interlocking in its own right, this new territory was made part of OVERBROOK interlocking itself, but referred to as the "Woodbine" section of OVERBROOK on signaling documents.  OBERBROOK was also given CTC control over the aforementioned VALLEY interlocking on the Main Line and JEFF interlocking on the Schuylkill branch.  Woodbine, VALLEY and JEFF were all controlled from a new US&S unit lever CTC machine installed on the operator's desk in the bay window and is the reason OVERBROOK is shown with two interlocking machines on the diagrams.  Finally, in 1964, OVERBROOK was given one last CTC interlocking, MANAYUNK, when the Schuylkill branch was cut back to a single track at that passenger station.  Here is how OVERBROOK appeared after 20 years with Amtrak in 1992.

You can see that Woodbine and the old 52nd St yard complex has been greatly diminished as freight traffic left Amtrak territory in the 1980's.  VALLEY has also been simplified, JEFF has been transferred to SEPTA control and MANAYUNK no longer exists after passenger service was cut back to Cynwyd.  Finally here is how OVERBROOK's territory looks at the time of this writing in 2016.

The biggest change is the route that Main Line passenger track 4 takes between ZOO and OVERBROOK.  Previously it had flown over the freight yard complex on a long truss bridge at VALLEY interlocking.  (That is how freight traffic was able to access the yard from the middle tracks at OVERBROOK).  However in the early 1990's twin crises emerged with a common solution.  PCB from the former PRR electric MU shoppes at Paoli had contaminated large parts of three counties and the VALLEY flyover bridge was rapidly deteriorating and could no longer support passenger train speeds.

Realigned track 4 (far left) and the old VALLEY flyover.

The solution was to shift track 4 over to run adjacent to tracks 1 and 2 on the site of the former freight yard and then build a new SEPTA MU maintenance facility on the newly available space.  This had the side effect of requiring three new interlockings, STILES, PAXON and WOODBINE (not to be confused with OVERBROOK's Woodbine section mind you), which would then be controlled by ZOO, as it had a leverman job to support the extra workload.  The effect on OVERBROOK proper was the further truncation of the Woodbine section, removing the #14 and #15 running tracks the 017 switch.  This left only a triplet of signals, the 20R and 018R, and a single switch, the 019.  The reason for the leading zero was to differentiate levers on the CTC machine from levers on the Model 14 machine.

The westbound 018R signal at OVERBROOK's Woodbine section.

As I mentioned before, OVERBROOK's Woodbine section was located directly adjacent to the new Amtrak WOODBINE interlocking, but confusion was minimized through the use of colorized position lights on the newly hardware.

1941 PRR PL vs 1994 Amtrak PL. Taste the difference!

 Originally intended for terminal freight moves, the 019 is a slow speed switch with Slow Approach displayed for diverging routes on high PRR signals.  The best indication the 018R can give is Approach Medium for a diverging route over the 17 switch at OVERBROOK.

OVERBROOK 018R displaying Slow Approach over the 019 switch reverse.

Eastbound movements at OVERBROOK's Woodbine section were provided with a 4-track signal bridge hosting signals for the center tracks 2 and 3.  In 1994 the bridge was re-purposed to also support WOODBINE's eastbound home signal as well.  Tower, between OVERBROOK and ZOO, all 3 tracks are technically bi-directional, although reverse movements on #1 track will encounter a string of PL dwarf signals displaying slow speed indications.  Prior to 1994 track 4 was only signaled for westbound movements, but this was upgraded when the three new interlockings were added. As you can see, due to its slow speed and somewhat redundant nature, the track 3 route over 019 switch isn't used much, but the famous 4-track main line does start here.

I should also mention that OVERBROOK was the site of a 1954 experiment to equip the upper head Stop position with red lenses, a measure that was later adopted by the Penn Central and Conrail.  However Amtrak did not embrace this modification (at first) and OVERBROOK was converted back some time after 1976.

OVERBROOK 20R displaying Slow Approach over the 019 switch reverse.

WOODBINE interlocking, that provides a seldom used westbound exit from SEPTA's Overbrook maintenance facility, is notable for the frequently displayed Slow Approach indication on its westbound mast signal.  This is due to OVERBROOK's rather unique layout involving pocket tracks.

Only a few hundred feet separate the eastbound Woodbine signal bridge from OVERBROOK's westbound signal bridge.  Despite all 4 tracks being technically bi-directional, only tracks 2, 3 and 4 (from left to right) are given high signals on the bridge as reverse movements on 1 are exceedingly rare and made at slow speed (no cab signal code).  However they are still made under signal indication without a track warrant. Track 2 is Rune 251 in the eastbound direction west of OVERBROOK so its 14R signal does not provide straight route indications.  The 12R and 8R signals on tracks 3 and 4 do have Clear indications (as seen on the 8R) however you might notice the absence of an Approach / on the upper head.  This is due to the short distance between the westbound gantry and the pocket exit signal on track 4 or the interlocking exit signal on track 3.  While most railroads would use speed control followed by a straight approach for short signal blocks, the PRR was on of the few that would follow it up with a Slow Approach.  This was due to the availability of a slow speed indication on standard high signals.

No Clipping

As the exciting future of solid state lighting increasingly becomes the present, some of you may have noticed that LED lamps are a bit more, sterile, for lack of a better term, than their incandescent predecessors.  Now I am not talking about the narrow spectrum or the supposed "coldness" of the light, but specifically the way that LED's behave when flashing.



When flashing LEDs are very binary in operation.  On, off, on, off.  As soon as the voltage crosses some threshold the LED lights up, as opposed to an incandescent bulb that has distinct rising and falling edges as evidenced in the following montage.



But wait, perhaps LED's are not to blame.  Amtrak's FAIR interlocking was an early test for retrofitting incandescent position light lamps with LED light sources and its flashing indication aren't quite so harsh.



If you are wondering if this effect is caused by the flasher relay or other interlocking hardware I actually came upon a natural experiment that is only possible in Position Light territory.



As Amtrak's Train 19 rolls past the 6AE signal at FAIR interlocking, the two green PL lamps appear to be flashing out of sync, but what is actually occurring is that the top lamp is set to flash in a clipped LED style and the bottom is flashing in a ramped incandescent style.

I asked some electrical engineers and they suspected that the magic is all with the details of the LED's local power supply.  It appears that the early units at FAIR have a capacitor tied into the circuit, slightly delaying the flash cycle as it charges and then delaying the cycle as it discharges. The other (cheaper?) supplies appear to only supply a fixed voltage or nothing.

I don't know what is driving the clipped style LED signal lamps appearing all over the world.  It might be cost, or simple ignorance or even a belief by the signal vendors (or component purchasers) that the more binary behavior is desirable.  Hopefully, as was the case with Amtrak's initial LED tests, some railroads will request components that behave in a warmer, more analogie style.

PS: If anyone has EE experience and knows how the power supply circuits are constructed, please share in the comments.

Better Know a Signaling System: C&O Color Lights

The Chesapeake and Ohio color light signal aspect set is the crazy uncle of eastern US speed signaling,  From a distance they look perfectly respectable, carrying on like all the other railroads, but upon closer inspection some major deviations pop out at you.  One might say that the Chessie System merger was a marriage of two equally odd signaling systems, equally odd in two completely different ways that is.  If B&O CPLs are being purged due to their complexity, the C&O system is meeting the torch simply because it is batshit crazy once it gets a little liquor into it.  Let's cut to the chart and see what I'm talking about.

Like I said, at first glance the C&O looks like a very responsible Northeastern style railroad.  You have your Y/G Approach medium, even Y/Y Approach Slow!  That's a big step up on the New York Central and others with Y/Y for Advance Approach.  

Exit signals invite Approach Slow

 R/R/G for Slow Clear is pretty standard and then R/Y/R for Medium App....  Wait...R/Y/R isn't Medium Approach...the label says Slow Approach.  Hmmm, must by a typo because why would you have a third head available and not use it Slow Approach?  Wait...if R/Y/R isn't Medium Approach what exactly is Medium Approach. 

Oh boy, yeah, not I see the problem.  R/Y/Y is Medium Approach.  It looks like the entire indication was an afterthought, sort of like how the PRR used to diverge trains to stop over Approach until 1956.  Still, if you have a third head to play with  there is no need to see the cost of flasher relays come down.  Makes me wonder if they could have gotten away with R/R/Y for Slow Approach and R/Y/ / for Restricting.  This is one of the few cases where a red lamp is lit to upgrade a dark head and upgrade the signal indication (in this case from Restricting to Slow Approach).  This is also one of the few cases where Restricting is more common operationally than Medium Approach. 

Doing with 8 lamps what other railroads do with 9.

It seems that the C&O was really trying to use a two headed signal system, but ultimately had to abandon the idea.  First, Stop is only R/R as the only time an R lamp is present on the third head is for Slow Approach.  Restricting is R/Y in all cases, no R/R/Y. and if trains diverged to stop over Approach then you avoid the third head in most situations.  Placing a lower maker to upgrade Restricting to Slow Approach would suffice in those situations where the turnout speed was low.  Eventually it seems that someone thought better of this idea, but with R/Y/R already given away so the C&O was forced to scramble.  When limited speed turnouts appeared the C&O had to scramble again by using R/*Y*/Y for Limited Approach.  No wonder the C&O had a thing for exit signals.

Enter interlocking?  Pass a signal.  Exist interlocking?  Pass another signal.

This brings up another quirk.  The C&O placed its Red lamp in the upper position on its upper head and the bottom position on the second or middle head.  This gave a wider spacing between Red lamps, but made the concept of "high" green a bit less applicable.

Low high green?

The combination signals Medium Approach Slow and Medium Approach Medium match what was seen on the Seaboard, NY Central and elsewhere with R/Y/G for M-A-S and R/Y/*G* for M-A-M.  I've explained this before, but it assumed a dwarf siding exit signal displaying Slow speed indications.  Speaking of dwarf signals, why don't we take a look at one.

Bottom placement of the R lens on dwarfs allowed for Y/R Slow Approach with Y being Restricting, avoiding the need to flash Y as seen on NORAC.  R/Y was also a Restricting Option.

Slow Clear could be either G or G/R, but in a bit if clever thinking the C&O went with *G* to upgrade slow speed siding exits to Medium Speed, as opposed to NORAC going with G/*R* and leaving *G* for the less applicable Limited Clear.  The rest of the C&O scheme was all pretty standard with the usual mix of Approach Medium/Limited and Medium/Limited Clear.

Is there a slow speed route?  No, just Medium Approach.

In summary, before flashing signals were accepted, railroads were constantly placed in the bind of how to handle both Slow speed signals AND Restricting.  Some, like the Seaboard, went the Lunar White route and used three heads.  Others, like the Reading and NY Central, skipped Slow Approach on high signals.  The PRR dumped Medium Approach in favor of Slow Approach.  The C&O went with Plan D, sacrificing BOTH Slow and Medium Approach in favor of Restricting.  Yes, the third head is common enough so that Medium Approach isn't rare, but there are many situations where only two heads were provided requiring trains to get an exit signal or simply diverge to stop over Restricting.

It's a real shame there isn't much room in our national rail system for unique and interesting signal systems such as this.  Not only does the C&O suffer from not being as lamp efficient as some others, it is a bit less intuitive, relies on dark signal heads and conflicts with many other more popular systems. Going forward only the Buckingham Branch shortline appears committed to the C&O system, however as they remove the remaining signaled sidings on the C&O Washington route there won't be much of an occasion to show it off.

BTW, I am celebrating a milestone at The Position Light today with my 251st post. 

New Year, New News

It's a new year and I have some news items that have built up since the last installment.  Just FYI I am working on getting photos and videos of the new SEPTA, ACSES compatible cab signal displays, but when those will be up is TBD.

First up, Amtrak has continued to spend Federal $ to put some gold leaf on the NEC between Trenton and New Brunswick.  As of this writing all tracks between MIDWAY and COUNTY are Rule 562 (Cab Signals w/o fixed wayside signals), with two new intermediate interlockings.  Between HAM and MIDWAY the two local tracks are now 562 with the inner express tracks 562 from a new controlled point, CP-CLARK, located just west of Princeton Jct.  The reason for the controlled point is the 20 mile distance between HAM and MIDWAY after NASSAU was removed and establishing that long of an absolute block for failed cab signals would be highly disruptive.  Long story short this means the famous Princeton Jct automatic signals have been bagged out of service. :-(

Moving to Ohio I found this photo of the now sterilized WORTHINGTON interlocking that used to have both N&W and PRR position lights along with a set of air operated movable point diamonds.  Today just move along, nothing to see here.

I've reported on this before, but in the South NS can't even be bothered to re-use completely modern aluminum tube signal structures, like this one on the Southern Main at Salisbury, NC.  I guess someone out there really has a cantilever fetish going on.

 CSX is still on its quest to eliminate Seaboard signals in Georgia, and Amtrak addition of a baggage car to the rear of Train 89/90 have further hindered documentation efforts over on the A-Line.

In PRR country I can confirm that CP-PACK has lost its pneumatic point machines.  Fortunately I was able to document the ones at CP-RADE a few miles down the line.

The CSX Philly Sub re-signaling project has reached the outskirts of Philly at Darby.   Fortunately I was able to document this interlocking some years ago.  It is transit accessible via the Route 13 trolley where some old semaphores live on.

Might be old news, but at some point CSX completed its double track project on the River Line between CP-121 and CP-SH (MP 132), bringing more Darth Vader signals along with it, like seen here at the former CP-128.

Further east in CSX land, somehow the AVR got CSX to pay to upgrade the two remaining interlockings on the old P&W route between CP-BLOOM and BRADDOCK used by the Capitol Limited.  Good thing I was already able to survey FIELD and EAST SCHENLEY.   

 Lastly Darth Vaders are continuing their march down the eastern end of the Amtrak Michigan Line.  A real shame since Amtrak had always showed its independence when it came to signal hardware.